The Greenhouse Effect Essay - 830 Words

Much like the glass of a greenhouse, gases in our atmosphere sustain life on Earth by trapping the sun s heat. The Earth’s atmosphere contains several different gases that act like a blanket, keeping the Earth warm. Water vapour and some trace gases like CO2, CH4 (methane), O3 (ozone), N2O (nitrous oxide), are â€Å"IR active†, i.e. they absorb heat energy, and stop the warmth from escaping into space. Without the entrapment of heat, the earth’s mean temperature would be -180 C and life, as we know it today, would not be possible. These gases are present in the atmosphere in tiny quantities compared to the amounts of oxygen and nitrogen. But even a small change in the concentration of these gases may create an effect that could change our†¦show more content†¦Any factor that alters the amount of radiation received from the sun or heat lost to space may influence the climate. Therefore, any enhancement of the Greenhouse effect is a cause for concern. Besi des fluctuations of solar radiation due to the earth orbiting around the sun, human activities influence the number of greenhouse gases. In fact, since the beginning of the industrial revolution, human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and agriculture have caused the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to increase substantially. A marked rise in the global temperature has been related to these human activities and CO2 emissions, and this temperature rise is believed to be the result of an enhancement of the natural Greenhouse effect. And as a result, global warming arises.This awareness has led many researchers to investigate possible causes and effects of this temperature rise. However, as much knowledge about the climate system is lacking, numerous researches on that issue have led to a great deal of debate. At the moment, the way the climate system will respond to these human activities is difficult to predict, for too many processes a re not understood well enough. One absolute reality though is the fact that the global climate system will respond to increasing temperatures. Moreover, this response could have irreversible consequences for the habitabilityShow MoreRelated Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect, in environmental science, is a popular term for the effect that certain variable constituents of the Earths lower atmosphere have on surface temperatures. It has been known since 1896 that Earth has been warmed by a blanket of gasses (This is called the greenhouse effect.). The gases--water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4)--keep ground temperatures at a global average of about 15 degrees C (60 degrees F). WithoutRead MoreEssay on Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect 1500 Words   |  6 Pages Global Warming is due to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that aids in heating the Earths surface and atmosphere. It results from the fact that certain atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane, are able to change the energy balance of the planet by being able to absorb longwave radiation from the Earths surface. Without the greenhouse effect, life on this planet would probably not exist as the averageRead MoreGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essays793 Words   |  4 Pages What is the greenhouse effect? It is the behavior of solar radiation when it interacts with gasses in the Earths atmosphere. The Sun gives off a wide spectrum of energy which we classify according to its wavelength. Among the types of energy given off by the sun are ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths. UV is short wavelength high-energy radiation, visible is mid-wavelength, mid-energy radiation, and IR is long wavelength low-energy radiation. Read MoreEssay on Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect1912 Words   |  8 PagesGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, global warming has moved to a serious scientific issue. Because sunlight is constantly falling on the earth, the law of physics say that the planet has to radiate the same amount of energy back into space. Infrared radiation is sent out by the earth through the atmosphere, where molecules (carbon dioxide) hold outgoing radiation for a while, warming the surface.1 The molecules are kind of like glass in a greenhouse which is why this processRead MoreEssay on The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming1837 Words   |  8 PagesThe greenhouse effect is an important phenomenon and is currently holding national and international attention. Why is there an interest in the effect? Why are people willing to invest so much time and effort investigating its consequences and willing to suffer by them? What is the basis for believing the effect is real? The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process, which is initiated by the sun. It is a result of the fact that there are gases in the Earth’s atmosphere which containRead More Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essay example763 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Human induced climate change resulting from an enhanced greenhouse effect is probably the greatest environmental threat facing the world today. Specifically, the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide may be classified as the primary culprit. As a result of greenhouse gases entering the upper levels of the earths atmosphere, it diminishes or breaks down the earths Ozone layer. With this loss of this protective blanket, harmful radioactiveRead More Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essay examples457 Words   |  2 PagesWarming and the Greenhouse Effect In the past decade the greenhouse effect has gained much attention with the media. Because of the pollution in the 1980s and early 90s attention was brought to the greenhouse effect. In overpopulated areas, the amounts of methane and carbon dioxide was growing. Some scientists believe the greenhouse effect is directly related to the earths warming, others believe its a cycle of earths temperatures. The greenhouse effect is very importantRead MoreGlobal Warming: The Greenhouse Effect and Our Response Essay example501 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal warming (the greenhouse effect) is the increase in the temperature of Earths weather which has become popular to many people as one of the most important danger in the universe. Discussions about causes, solutions, postive and negative effects have made by human-beings. One of the first subject people learned is that there are several causes of global warming. However, one of the most effective reason is Carbondioxide gas which most come from the combustion of fossil fuels and forestsRead MoreWhat Role Has Human Activity Played in Causing Climate Change?678 Words   |  3 Pagestemperature, ocean level, land, and precipitation. The climate change phenomenon can affect everything in the world not only natural environment, but also human society, and the world economy. This essay aims to evaluate the role of human actions that have caused the climate change. The first part of this essay will talk about the possible causes of climate change, and the second part will discuss the role of human activity, which is cause the climate change. The factors that can cause the climateRead MoreEssay on Human Activity in Climate Change721 Words   |  3 PagesThis essay and its contents is designed to define and discuss the concept of my position on the following statement: â€Å"Human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels. It also answers inquiries of; is it a major contributor to climate change? Do I agree or disagree? From my research and readings, I‘ve concluded that, the foremost effect that burning fossil fuels has on our environment is the greenhouse effect, also known as global warming. Carbon dioxide, which is also known as greenhouse

Advertising to Youth Free Essays

In the ever expanding world of consumerism and advertising, companies are constantly looking for new ways to sell their products to youth by making their commercials and campaigns more memorable than the competition; thus having to reinvent themselves. The youth generation has become the prime target because they have more spending power than ever before; because of more disposabel income, and increased avenues at their disposal in which to spend their money. Therefore companies spend an enormous amount of money on advertisement to ensure popularity and early brand loyalty. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising to Youth or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the last decade, these superbrands are looking towards new and outrageous ways to capture young audiences, although these campaigns are appealing, how effective are they? This essay is meant to demonstrate how companies are reinventing themselves, whether their efforts are effective, and what possible implications these actions may have on youth during their teenage years, when they may be the most impressionable. As mentioned earlier, youth are incredibly important to the international market, in â€Å"The Advertising Age†, Jeff Jensen mentions that in todays youth market â€Å"Selling out is not only accepted, it’s considered hip† (Klein, pg. 5) Corporate sponsorships have become a regular occurrence, as a conglomerates advertise during large sport events, concerts and or even host entire contests . This provides for a perfect channel of penetration to a large amount of youth as they are usually key observers of these types of events. An example of this woul d be the how McDonald’s was a sponser of the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games. Throughout the two week duration of the games, McDonald’s sponsorship was seen everywhere, which was ironic considering that most food offered at McDonald’s is high in fat and cholesterol.Regardless of the facts, the company promoted themselves as a product of healthy active living by having athletes endorse their products. An earlier campaign featured pop icon Justin Timberlake collaborating with the Golden Arches, and creating the slogan and jingle â€Å"Im Lovin It†, which later furthered his own music career. The use of music to attract attention to a product has become a new advertising trend among numerous companies because it allows the organization to appear in tune with youth culture by using familiar songs, or artists to identify with the brand.A revolutionary effort made by automobile manufacturers such as Audi, Ford, Honda, and BMW has changed brand image by creating brand loyalty among â€Å"a whole new generation† and â€Å"chasing young buyers. † (Halliday, 16) In the case of Audi, they sponsored David Bowie’s concert, and asked fans to collaborate two of his hit songs for their next campaign; the winner would win a brand new Audi TT coupe. â€Å"The target for the contest [was] skewe[ed] to 20-something consumers, younger than Audi’s traditional audie nce in their late 30s to early 50s† (Halliday, 16) As for BMW, their angle for targeting youth aged 15-30 years old was similarly clever.They sponsored young go-cart drivers by providing them with scholarships to race for BMW Formula USA professionally, not only helping build the winners careers, but have their new target audience identify with the drivers and therefore, the brand. In the past, luxury vehicles such as BMW and Audi were mostly marketed towards baby boomers, but marketers are starting to realize the market value of advertising to youth approaching an age when they start deciding what car they should identify with. This creates brand loyalty at an early age, that will hopefully generate sales for the companies later on.The above are all examples of how to secure brand loyalty among youth at an early age. Although the campaigns are ingenious marketing strategies, the repercussions may be serious. In the case of McDonald’s, there are some serious ethical issues centered around the fact that a restaurant that sells junk food is promoting itself as an alternative to a healthy lifestyle. Although they do offer â€Å"healthier† choices on their menu, their campaign during the Olympics featured the slogan â€Å"you don’t have to be an athlete to eat like one† featuring athletes like Patrick Chan eating a burger.These types of commercials tend to be misleading to young viewers to believe that athletes actually eat fast food. Even viewers that are aware McDonald’s is not a healthy choice might be more likely to purchase from the restaurant because of the constant adve rtising, and incentives such as official Olympic paraphernalia. The effect of the campaign was very successful, as McDonald’s generated a sales profit of 4. 8 percent worldwide higher than last February, with a predicted increased of 4 percent. In retrospect, luxury automobile makers advertising to youth may be a seemingly harmless alternative to gaining future customers.But on closer inspection, the problem may lie deeper. By luxury models creating brand loyalty so early one, it gives the impression that any person can own an Audi or BMW, when in fact that is not the case. Many people will never be able to afford this type of vehicle, but by instilling a desire so early on, may cause some to live beyond their means, meaning going into debt to own an Audi, and have a false sense of accomplishment. On the other hand, a teen may desire these cars, and dedicate themselves to working hard so that one day they be able to afford one. There is no way to tell whether this will have a positive or negative effect of the consumer, as the campaign is only a start to the reinvention of two brands that have for many decades been deemed as appropriate for middle-aged adults. During the era of Old Hollywood, product placement was a small part of the movie making business, as corporate products were secondary to the script and story line. In today’s conglomerate controlled society, advertisement becomes the main form of funding for a motion picture, thus in some cases controlling the whole integrity of the film.On television, certain shows are created around the product itself, and cleverly manipulated through repetition to instigate desire in the product. The prominence of this type of product placement is clearly visible in television and movie programming that is targeted at youth. An example is â€Å"America’s Next Top Model,† the corporate sponsor of the show is Cover Girl Cosmetics. The whole show is built around using the products, advertising them in the photo shoot campaigns, and again repeating the brand at the end during the elimination ceremony. The brand describes itself as youthful and fresh, the perfect brand for young girls. The models in the reality show all strive to win $100,000 contract with Cover Girl. Needless to say, this has been an incredibly well executed advertising campaign, and it is endorsed by supermodel Tyra Banks, and is viewed by millions of young girls around the world. Last year Cover Girl’s revenue was US 79. 03 billion dollars. Even if only a smart per cent of young women buy the cosmetics because of the show, it is still a fantastic investment in advertising for the company.Many movies are following in the same trend by shamelessly centering their scripts around product placement, in some cases making it the focus of the entire movie. One extreme example in the satire comedy â€Å"Talladega Nights† starring Will Farrel. The film focuses around the advertisement of Nascar, Wonderbread, Old Spice, Perrier, Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Applebees to name a few. The viewer is so overwhelmed by the amount of corporate sponsors, that they may fail to recognize that there is no true story line.This movie is meant for a young audience as it is filled with outrageously inappropriate and immature humor that ironically identifies the fact that the movie is filled with product placement. This is a brilliant way to advertise numerous products because the movie does not deny the fact, which makes it almost acceptable to the audience because of the recognition of the fact. Shortly after the movie aired, Wonderbread started a new savvy campaign of their own, introducing a new whole wheat version of their bread that catered to children.There is no doubt that Wonderbread became the face of â€Å"Talladega Nightsâ €  and thus unforgettable. In the fight for youth audiences, companies are now spending millions of dollars on market research in the mission of finding out what is â€Å"trendy† and â€Å"cool. † In her article Niomi Klein identifies a different approach to researching the youth generation. â€Å"Cool Hunters: The legal stalkers of youth culture† (Klein, pg. 72) are used to investigate teenagers by large corporations into order to stay current within their advertising and products. Armed with their change agents and cool hunters, the superbrands become the perennial teenage followers, trailing the scent of cool wherever it led† (Klein, pg. 73) that brings reinvention to a whole new level. These marketers usually focus towards the ghettos of large cities, where subcultures start because of lack of money; these youth are forced to use their creativity to standout and build a self image against the status quo. Corporations such as Nike recognize trends in these communities, and use it towards the advent of a new campaign and line of clothing or shoes.The irony is that this trend is catered to suburban youth fabricated to look like the youth from the ghettos because â€Å"very often the most exciting outfits are from the poorest people. † (Klein, pg. 73) Wherever there is a new trend emerging, the superbrands will find some way to materialize it for their own profit. This creates a problem of originality as â€Å"no space has been left unbranded. † (Klein, 73) Youth may find it difficult to create an outstanding and alternative image for themselves that does not represent mass consumerism.There is also some ethical problems with this marketing trend as this could be seen as a new form of pirating ideas, and the compromising of privacy of the youth targeted in the ghettos. The trend of hip hop influence has spread to other companies such as Reebok, Tommy Hilfiger and even Levi’s as they use celebrity endorsements like 50 Cent, Puff Daddy and Jay-Z to further sell their reinvented brand images. In another effort to stand out and make a commercial unforgettable, some companies are going to extreme measures to create edgier content that abandons the use of musical inspired content, and uses shocking images in its place.One such company is Airwalk shoes which used body dismemberment and overflowing toilets as humor to create an â€Å"uncensored voice of the counterculture. † (Jensen, pg. 31) This campaign came into light after the success of dirty humor movies such as â€Å"There’s Something About Mary† and â€Å"Monty Python†. The first commercial hows an Airwalk consumer being chased by an angry motorist; and ends up losses some limbs in the process. After the ordeal is over, the loyal customer finds one of his dismeme bered legs in order to get his Airwalk shoe back. The second commercial titled â€Å"Titanic† illustrated a young man sitting on the toilet which starts to overflow, and he does everything to keep his Airwalk shoes from getting wet. The approach of the outrageous was aimed to be more â€Å"viral†, by using the shocking images to gain more media placement among ESPN, MTV, and Much Music. The spokesperson for Airwalk was quoted saying â€Å"It won’t be enough to just carpet-bomb consumers with your brand name [†¦ ] a brand better be compelling enough that consumers covet it. † (Jensen, pg. 1) The campaign was aimed towards a niche target audience of teenaged skateboarders that would appreciate the dirty humor, as they were thought to be as fearless and out-going as were the new 4 million dollar advertisements. Although they probably appealed to many young people, it most likely offended other viewers with the gut-wrenching content. This interesting approach could either work in favor of the company or against it; but by using such explicit humor may prove to be very limiting, as it may only appeal to a small audience, not generating as many sales.In the end, the campaign proved to be too extreme for MTV which asked the company to tone down the dismemberment approach. After reviewing just a few modes of advertisement towards youth, the question of how this effects them during their reflective years, leading into adulthood. In a review of cognitive studies done on youth ages 11-16 years old â€Å"had still not acquired an understanding of persuasive intent on a par wit h adult levels† (Nairn Fine, pg. 449-450) Thus these children were not able to identify clearly that companies were advertising to them in order to sell a product. This makes it very dangerous because teenagers may start forming habits of consumption before they are able to identify them completely leading to the onset of the mass consumerism attitude. Children around the aged of 12 â€Å"do not show the expected increase in resistance to advertising† (Nairn Fine, pg. 450), making them an easy target for brand loyalty and preference for corporations. Consequently, a child shown a movie clip introducing a brand would be more likely to choose that brand after seeing it; this was concluded by a study done by Auty and Lewis in the Psychology of Marketing.In light of this information, the ethical issues surrounding advertising to children and youth should be taken under great consideration. By possibly limiting the amount of commercials during youth programming would have a positive effect of limiting the effects of mass consumer culture. But in contrast, much of the programming aired for youth is sponsored by large corporations, and if comm ercials are cut down, so is the funding. Not only may advertising effect the future consumer practices of youth, but it also may effect their morals and values.Seeing crude material such as the Airwalk commercials may have some influence in their tolerance for such humor, and may make it acceptable in their eyes. Images of sexually explicit content may also have the same repercussions towards behavior as well as self image. In shows like â€Å"America’s Next Top Model†, the girls are portrayed as perfect because they are thin; youth may aspire to such ideals which may cause a negative self image towards themselves and others. Advertising is a powerful tool for many corporations, and they will constantly looking for new and exciting ways to capture the attention of youth.There numerous methods that make advertising almost inescapable. Every area of the environment becomes a commodity as advertising can be found on the floors and ceilings of buses, internet sites, and even in washrooms stalls. But what the youth of today have is more information at their disposal that they can use to combat large corporations, and be able to identify what these companies are doing. They can use this information to generate their own income by using sites like YouTube, or use what they know against the corporations to ban advertising to young children. How to cite Advertising to Youth, Papers

Rubens Essay Example For Students

Rubens Essay Peter Paul Rubens is considered one of the most important Flemish painters of the 17th century. His style became an international definition of the animated, exuberantly sensuous aspects of baroque painting. Combining the bold brushwork, luminous color, and shimmering light of the Venetian school with the fervent vigor of Michelangelos art and the formal dynamism of Hellenistic sculpture, Rubens created a vibrant art, its pulsating energies emanating from tensions between the intellectual and emotional, the classical and the romantic. For 200 years the vitality and eloquence of his work influenced such artists as Antoine Watteau, in the early 18th century,and Eugne Delacroix and Pierre Auguste Renoir, in the 19th century. Rubenss father, Jan Rubens, was a prominent lawyer and Antwerp alderman. Having converted from Catholicism to Calvinism, Jan Rubens in 1568 fled Flanders with his family because of persecutions against Protestants. In 1577 Peter Paul was born in exile at Siegen, Westphalia (now in Germany), also the birthplace of his brother Philip and his sister Baldina. There, their father had become the adviser and lover of Princess Anna of Saxony, wife of Prince William I of Orange (William the Silent). On the death of Jan Rubens in 1587, his widow returned the family to Antwerp, where they again became Catholics. After studying the classics in a Latin school and serving as a court page, Peter Paul decided to become a painter. He apprenticed in turn with Tobias Verhaecht, Adam van Noort, and Otto van Veen, called Vaenius, three minor Flemish painters influenced by 16th-century Mannerist artists of the Florentine-Roman school. The young Rubens was as precocious a painter as he had earlier been a scholar of modern European languages and of classical antiquity. In 1598, at the age of 21, he was accorded the rank of master painter of theAntwerp Guild of St. Luke. Following the example of many northern European artists of the period, Rubens felt drawn by necessity to travel to Italy, the center of European art for the previous two centuries. In 1600 he arrived in Venice, where he was particularly inspired by the paintings of Titian, Paolo Veronese, and Tintoretto. Later, while resident in Rome, he was influenced by the works of Michelangelo and Raphael, as well as by ancient Greco-Roman sculpture. Vincenzo Gonzaga (reigned 1587-1612), the duke of Mantua, employed Rubens for about nine years. Besides executing original works, Rubens copied Renaissance paintings for the ducal collection, and in 1605 he served as the dukes emissary to King Philip III of Spain. During his years in Italy, Rubens saw the early baroque works of the contemporary Italian painters Annibale Carracci and Caravaggio, and he associated with some of the leading humanist intellectuals of the day. When Rubens left Italy, he was no longer a bourgeois but a gentleman, and he was not a local artist but one of international style and reputation. His mothers death in 1608 brought Rubens back to Antwerp, where he married Isabella Brant in 1609. Having formulated one of the first innovative expressions of the baroque style while in Italy, Rubens on his return was recognized as the foremost painter of Flanders and, therefore,was immediately employed by the burgomaster of Antwerp. His success was further confirmed in 1609, when he was engaged as court painter to the Austrian archduke Albert and his wife, the Spanish infanta Isabella, who together ruled the Low Countries as viceroys for the king of Spain. The number of pictures requested from Rubens was so large that he established an enormous workshop in which the master did the initial sketch and final touches, while his apprentices completed all the intermediary steps. Besides court commissions from Brussels and abroad, the highly devout Rubens was much in demand by the militant Counter Reformation church of Flanders, which regarded his dramatic, emotionally charged interpretations of religious events-such as the Triptych of the Raising of the Cross (1610-11, Antwerp Cathed ral)-as images for spiritual recruitment and renewal. .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd , .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd .postImageUrl , .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd , .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd:hover , .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd:visited , .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd:active { border:0!important; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd:active , .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3636428cf0bcf7bbcab69eb9ad32fafd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lady Macbeth Essay Prosperity allowed Rubens to build an Italianate residence in Antwerp, where he housed his extensive collection of art and antiquities. Between 1622 and 1630 Rubenss value as a diplomat was equal to his importance as a painter.In 1622 he visited Paris, where the French queen Marie de Mdicis commissioned him, for the Luxembourg Palace, to depict her life in a series of allegorical paintings (completed 1625). Despite the keen loss Rubens felt after the death of his wife in 1626, he continued to be highly productive. In 1628 he was sent by the Flemish viceroys to Spain. While in Madrid he received several commissions from King Philip IV of Spain, who made him secretary of his Privy Council. Rubens also served as a mentor to the young Spanish painter Diego Velzquez. After a delicate diplomatic mission to London in 1629, he was knighted by a grateful King Charles I of England, for whom he executed several paintings. For Charles, Rubens also made the preliminary sketches (finished in Antwerp, 1636) for the ceiling mural in the Whitehall Palace Banqueting Hall. From 1630, when he married Hlne Fourment, until his death on May 30, 1640, Rubensremained in Antwerp, living primarily at Castle Steen, his country residence. During this final decade he continued executing commissions for the Habsburg monarchs of Austria and Spain. More and more, he also painted pictures of personal interest, especially of his wife and child and of the Flemish countryside. The concerns of Rubenss late style, and indeed of his whole career, are summarized in The Judgment of Paris (circa 1635-37, National Gallery, London). In this painting voluptuous goddesses are posed against a verdant landscape, goddesses and landscape both symbolizing the richness of creation. Color is luxuriant, light and shade glow, and the brushwork is sensuous. All these elements further the meaning of the narrative, which is Pariss selection of what is most beautiful-the lifelong concern of Rubens in his art.

Multiple Personality Disorder Essays (1317 words) -

Multiple Personality Disorder Multiple Personality Disorder More than two million cases can be found altogether in psychological and psychiatric records of multiple personality disorder also called dissociative identity disorder. It is often thought that multiple personality disorder is a trick, a bizarre form of play-acting that is committed by manipulative, attention-seeking individuals. It is not. Multiple personality disorder is a disorder of hiding wherein 80-90% of multiple personality disorder patients do not have a clue that they have the disorder. Most know that there is something wrong with them; many fear that they are crazy, but few know that they have a disorder. What is Multiple Personality Disorder? Multiple personalities is a dissociate reaction to stress in which the patient develops two or more personalities. Each personality has a distinct, well-developed emotional and thought process and represents a unique and relatively stable personality. The individual may change from one personality to an other at periods varying from a few minutes to several years. The personalities are usually very different and have different attitudes; one may be happy, carefree and fun loving, and another quiet, studious, and serious. People can have up to fifty personalities or more. All personalities usually will have their own name and their own role. For example one personality can be the keeper of pain, his role is to take and feel all the pain that the other personalities come in contact with. The personality also can have their own appearance, but this does not mean the person changes its outer image it is just the way he/she sees inside his/her head. The personalities will also have different ages, talents, and likes and dislikes. For example: In the novel, The Minds of Billy Miligin, there was a man who had twenty-four personalities. All of his twenty-four personalities were different. They had different ages, their own appearance, and some were of the opposite sex. The personalities al l had their own role and their own talents. There was one personality that was right handed all others were left handed, only one smoked, one had a British accent another Slavic. Many used their own talents some liked to paint, one was an escape artist, one was a karate expert and another a sculptor. Various types of relationships may exist between the different personalities. Usually the individual alternates from one personality to the other, and can not remember in one, what happened in the other. Occasionally however while one personality is dominant and functions consciously, the other continues to function sub-consciously and is referred to the co conscious personality. Relationships may become highly complicated when there is more than two personalities. In many cases of multiple personalities the personalities will talk of a spotlight. The spotlight is how they come into the conscious world. All the personalities live around the spotlight whoever stands on it finds himself o r herself in the conscious world leaving the other personalities unaware of the personality's actions. This leaves the next personality that comes into consciousness in total amnesia. Causes of Multiple Personality Disorder Multiple personality disorder often forms with a person who has been deprived of love and friendship and with a person who has been abused. These people make up friends for themselves, but not just and imaginary friends these friends form there own personalities. These people may also make up other people who are not scared or people, who can not feel pain to turn deal with abuse, which also turn into separate personalities. These people usually deny what is happening and may live their lives without anyone finding out about their disorder. The degree of vulnerability of the child has a great impact on the amount of personalities the person will have. The typical female multiple has about 19 personalities; male multiples tend to have less that half of that. For e xample a male multiple from ages 7 to 10 who was sexually abused a half-dozen times by a distant relative is going to have far fewer personalities than a female multiple who was severely physically, sexually, and emotionally abused by both parents from infancy to age 16. The female could easily develop 30 to 50 (+) personalities, even in the hundreds. Although its important

Free Essays on Childrens Behavior As A Function Of Finding A Real Gun

Children’s Behavior as a Function of Finding A Real Gun There have been many accidental incidents involving children with guns. Today, it has become very common for a child to find a gun and play with it as if it were a toy gun, causing serious harm. Unintentional firearm injuries kill approximately 400 children (0-19 u years old) each year (Wintemute, Teret, Kraus, Wright, & Bradfield, 1987). What message are our children receiving for such incidents to occur? It is not very surprising to read about a 6-year-old who shot and killed a sibling or other child friend accidentally with their parents’ gun. Since mostly all Americans have the right to bear arms, guns are easily accessible to children through their families and friends. Many families’ keep a gun in the home often stored loaded and unlocked (Patterson, & Smith, 1987). So what preventive measures does one take to ensure their child’s safety? The most effective measure to prevent firearm-related injuries to children is the Absence of guns from homes and communities (Cummings, Grossman, Rivara, & Keopsell, 1997). Despite the risks of unintentional discharge and other adverse incidents, gun-owning families continue to keep at least one gun loaded and unlocked (Senturia, Chirstofel, & Donovan, 1994). With that said, the next step would be educating our children about the dangers of touching or playing with a real gun. But how effective is educating our children about the dangers of guns? Gun-owning parents reported that they would trust their four to twelve year old child with a loaded firearm in the home (Webster, Wilson, Duggan, & Pakula, 1992). Of course, after educating their child and assuming that it is understood that guns are dangerous, any parents’ expectation would be that their child would do the right thing when faced with the situation. Many parents may have unrealistic expectations of their children’s behavior around guns (Webster, Wilson,... Free Essays on Children's Behavior As A Function Of Finding A Real Gun Free Essays on Children's Behavior As A Function Of Finding A Real Gun Children’s Behavior as a Function of Finding A Real Gun There have been many accidental incidents involving children with guns. Today, it has become very common for a child to find a gun and play with it as if it were a toy gun, causing serious harm. Unintentional firearm injuries kill approximately 400 children (0-19 u years old) each year (Wintemute, Teret, Kraus, Wright, & Bradfield, 1987). What message are our children receiving for such incidents to occur? It is not very surprising to read about a 6-year-old who shot and killed a sibling or other child friend accidentally with their parents’ gun. Since mostly all Americans have the right to bear arms, guns are easily accessible to children through their families and friends. Many families’ keep a gun in the home often stored loaded and unlocked (Patterson, & Smith, 1987). So what preventive measures does one take to ensure their child’s safety? The most effective measure to prevent firearm-related injuries to children is the Absence of guns from homes and communities (Cummings, Grossman, Rivara, & Keopsell, 1997). Despite the risks of unintentional discharge and other adverse incidents, gun-owning families continue to keep at least one gun loaded and unlocked (Senturia, Chirstofel, & Donovan, 1994). With that said, the next step would be educating our children about the dangers of touching or playing with a real gun. But how effective is educating our children about the dangers of guns? Gun-owning parents reported that they would trust their four to twelve year old child with a loaded firearm in the home (Webster, Wilson, Duggan, & Pakula, 1992). Of course, after educating their child and assuming that it is understood that guns are dangerous, any parents’ expectation would be that their child would do the right thing when faced with the situation. Many parents may have unrealistic expectations of their children’s behavior around guns (Webster, Wilson,...

The 10 Most Dangerous Jobs in 2016 [Infographic]

The 10 Most Dangerous Jobs in 2016 [Infographic] It’s no secret that some of the hardest jobs in the world are not given enough praise, recognition, or appreciation. But did you know that some of these jobs are also among the most dangerous? Here are the top 10 most dangerous jobs in 2016:

Case Study Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Study Project - Essay Example Essentially, the sovereign country should have inbuilt mechanisms of fighting crimes, however, it may seek international assistance where the threat is significant and worries the state security. The implication is that, each state has to build a strong and reliable coordination with other countries, whose help becomes essential during war. Therefore, one can argue strongly that sovereignty should not bar the state from forging strong relationship with the other countries. In addition, inappropriate use of sovereignty would mean protecting the self-interest at the expense of the citizens. Therefore, this report is a critical evaluation and description of issues relating to sovereignty, as contained in The UN Secretary-General Report â€Å"Implementing the Responsibility to Protect† (2009). Key Catalysts Some of the key catalysts to sovereignty include the political will, need for international integration and ethnic co-existence. Fundamentally, the leadership will and peaceful co-existence ensures that the sovereign state remains peaceful and coherent. In addition, it would enable the state to build a proper relationship with other states, thereby, being in a position of getting international assistance during emergency. Furthermore, this would enhance international integration among different countries. ... In the contemporary society, Jackson acknowledges that there are State powers that do not use their sovereignty for the good of the people (Jackson 21). For example, some developing states literally misuse sovereignty to achieve personal or ethnic gains, with disregards to the public. Indeed, the theory of balance of power explains the misuse of state sovereignty resulting from the differences in power factions within the country (Brown 9). The theory suggests that those differences cause civil unrest, when the leaders test their power and dominance. In the UN report, some states, especially with dictatorial regimes, inflict violence on the people with impunity due to the powers that the Head of State has on the subjects. Often, there are silent state machineries that such countries use to fulfill the mission, such as, illegitimately organized gang supported by the state security organs (Krasner 673). In such cases, the state does not use its sovereignty in protecting the people as t he international law requires. Therefore, the United Nations may be forced to intervene and restore peace in the country. Notably, most countries, despite their fight for sovereignty, have failed to protect their citizens against war crimes. For example, the mass killings of the ordinary citizens in Rwanda, Cambodia, Srebrenica and Darfur show that, the states have failed in their protective responsibility, thus, their sovereignty is questionable. Sometimes, the crimes are committed when the Security Council and the UN peacekeepers are watching, as was the case in Rwanda and Srebrenica (UN report 4). As a preventative measure to the occurrence of such crimes, the UN should take the leading role in cautioning the states on negligence, not regarding the states’ sovereignty as a

The Current Auraria Campus Safety plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 14

The Current Auraria Campus Safety plans - Essay Example Concerning the bomb threat, it is wise, not to use the mobile phones or radio devices within the range of 300 feet, as it can cause an explosion. Furthermore, it is effective to leave the area and report for any kind of uncommon or suspicious objects such as briefcase or carrier to the ‘Auraria Campus Police’ and ‘Emergency Personnel’ (The Auraria Higher Education Center, â€Å"Auraria Campus Emergency Procedures†). d. In case of fire incursion, it is recommended to use the closest fire alarm and inform in ‘911’ about the incident. It is suggested to leave the building where fire strikes out, as soon as possible, to avoid injuries. Furthermore, student/employees should enter the campus buildings only after taking authorization from ‘Emergency Personnel’ (The Auraria Higher Education Center, â€Å"Auraria Campus Emergency Procedures†). e. In case of any natural disaster such as massive storm or earthquake, the students/employees can go to lobby at the lowest floor and must avoid staying near a window in case there is no underground or another kind of shelter facilities. It is also advisable that students/employees need to stay in the safe zone until the calamities are over. Furthermore, students/employees can freely use the assistance of ‘Austria Campus Police’ or ‘Emergency Personnel’ (The Auraria Higher Education Center, â€Å"Auraria Campus Emergency Procedures†).

Intelligence Reform Essay Example for Free

Intelligence Reform Essay Brief Background The aftermath of the 9/11 tragedy has caused the US Federal Government to re-assess the setback and possible flaws of their homeland security defense. To primarily focus on investigating the tragedy, in November 27th 2002, the US Congress and President Bush commissioned a ten-man panel that comprised the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, which is known as the 9/11 Commission.   The 9/11 Commission expedited the investigation process and came up with a two-pronged framework based on the assessment. This two-pronged framework consists of the framing of action at a global perspective and the formulation of action at the domestic domain. The homeland security aspect has been emphasized and related by the 9/11 Commission with strong urgency for implementation and recommended it to Congress and the President. In addition, the commission also suggested the enactment of immediate measures that deal with the intelligence and enforcement agencies and the military organizations. Moreover, the US government has enacted several inter-agency programs that are highly supported by Congress and President Bush. Thus, the nationalization of homeland strategic programs has formally resulted in the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) on January 20th 2004. In this regard, this paper will discuss the intelligence components of the IRTPA and measure its performance throughout the intelligence community while comparing it with the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission. On these bases, a conclusive evaluation will discuss the impact of IRTPA to reform the national intelligence community. An Update Briefer This update briefer is used to keep abreast with the situation of the intelligence reform in retrospect of the discussion throughout this paper. The paper will also form relevance to the background of concerns affecting the IRTPA. Basically, according to critics, â€Å"the Bush administration is in its seven years of intelligence fiasco which controls more than 80% of America’s $60 billion intelligence budget—reflective of Secretary of Defense Robert Gates’ streamlining the Pentagon’s trail on national security policy and intelligence as he work hand in hand with Director of National Intelligence (DNI) Michael McConnell—he gradually assert civilian control over the key spy agencies funded by the defense budget and held Pentagon’s effort to create its own intelligence machinery independent of the CIA† . This criticism could somehow be founded on the discretion of the President and put into perspective the 9/11 Commission Recommendation No.13.2 which states that: â€Å"the current position of Director of Central Intelligence (DNI) should be replaced by a National Intelligence Director (NID) with two main areas of responsibility; (1) to oversee national intelligence centers on specific subjects of interest across the U.S. government and (2) to manage the national intelligence program and oversee the agencies that contribute to it† . At hindsight, the intelligence fund may have lead to criticism because the teaming up of Pentagon with the CIA requires substantial budget allocation primarily due to the realignment of budget appropriation to intelligence activities. The Framing of Global Strategy This section of the paper will discuss the 9/11 Commission’s framing of global strategy that defines the action of security measures at international perspective, as follows: Reflection on Generational Challenge The 9/11 Commission has determined and defined the conceptual framework of knowing their enemies by familiarizing the historical origin and doctrines that instilled in their adversaries desires to wage war against America. Basically, familiarizing with the enemy is also familiarizing with the combative measures used in defining or assessing the formidable threat. It was found that terrorism is not only an act of vengeance to kill and destroy but is also based on the doctrines of Islamist secessionism which means that the allied forces and not only America is at risk of terrorist attacks. In this regard, familiarizing with enemy requires the use of all elements of national power: diplomacy, intelligence, covert action, law enforcement, economic policy, foreign aid, public diplomacy, and homeland defense. By reflecting on the situation and knowing the enemies, the challenge lies on the achievable tactical and strategically managed plan of action for short and long term implementation. Attacking terrorists and their organizations The collaborative diplomatic ties with allied governments focuses on a campaign to thwart the terrorist attacks by means of information exchange and expanding the open-source of intelligence information, intensifying military operations and sharing of financial resources to allied government’s counter-terrorism programs.   The conduct of war on terrorism has been installed at all frontiers of defense ranging from domestic and international boundaries. The strategy being employed is to know better the enemies but more on identifying the perpetrators of terrorism. The coercive action in condemning the so-called â€Å"cowardice attack to US soil† has been proven in the fall of Baghdad and the capturing of Iraqi tyrant Saddam Hussein, a close ally of al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden. The war on terrorism is treated with broadened understanding by the 9/11 Commission. Preventing the Continued Growth of Islamist Terrorism According to former US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld , the battle of ideas is between the question of enforcing law to prevent terrorist attacks and the question of just merely killing them the moment they commit the crime. Capturing terrorists, whether they are suspected or proven otherwise, would strategically achieve security defense. In addition, isolating the enemy and putting them into peripheries is another tactical form of beating them.   In contrast to Rumsfeld’s claim, the 9/11 Commission has tackled the importance of the UN’s declaration of human rights and some principles on Articles of War of the Geneva Convention. It briefly explains the humane treatment of the enemy of the state even when they are captured in combat zones—as mostly terrorist prefer to hide in strife-torn areas—or at the actual scene of the crime which are non-combat zones and urban population areas. In a way, the act of capturing an enemy is employed with strategic treatment and debriefing on the circumstance of indoctrination, specifically to familiarize with the Islamic doctrines in a tactical aspect. At a glance, it is a minimal gain to extract information from a captured terrorist because most of them are suicidal and would rather bring with them to their grave the classified information they know or possess. In relation to adopt more sustainable strategies at the global perspective, a 6-point framework is as follows: 1. Turning a national strategy into a coalition strategy refers to fostering a broader alliance in various governmental representation from its domestic or homeland relations to international cooperation; 2. Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction refers to supporting the call of the UN Security Council to all members and all allied states to disarmament of lethal weaponry that may result a genocide of the human race; 3. Strengthen counter proliferation efforts refers to act on counter-measures for countries that condone the exchange of lethal weaponry or weapons of mass destruction; 4. Expand the proliferation security initiative refers to expanding the open-source information in aid of intelligence access and exchange; 5. Support the cooperative threat reduction program refers to the retrieval of potentially useable weaponry or armaments that has been stockpiled during the war—which may be availably used by terrorists; 6. Targeting terrorist money refers to acting on financial embargo or halting the financial flow on the nature of funds that is being used by terrorists in funding their terrorist activities. Protection and preparation for terrorist attacks The continuing assessment and monitoring of potential threats of terrorist attacks to US homeland in particular and international communities of allied governments in general are being put into heightened configuration of security measures. The stabilization of preparedness programs and protective laws on immigration would minimize the burdens of terrorist threats. The crossing of borders is employed with modernized technological facilities and physical security system that would limit the terrorist’s mobilization or in-and out-country deployment. Likewise, travel advisory reduces the vulnerability of citizens to plunge into hotspots or terrorist bailiwicks. Defending the Homeland The 9/11 Commission has formulated recommendations with encompassing urgent actions for the US government to consolidate and mobilize troops and agencies. The key functional agenda is patterned after the global strategy that tackled the US homeland defense system. The following are the recommendations based on â€Å"How to do it? A different Way of Organizing the Government† : Unity of Effort Across the Foreign-Domestic Divide The recommendation called for jointly undertaking action in the sourcing of integrated intelligence through the establishment of a National Counter-Terrorism Center which has a mandate that resembles the Terrorist Threat Integration Center. The NCTC manages the joint operational and intelligence activities. Unity of Effort in the Intelligence Community Streamlining the flow of intelligence by organizing the key positions of authority, in which a National Intelligence Director manages the joint operational and intelligence centers, replacing the CIA’s Director of Central Intelligence. Unity of effort in Sharing Information The President’s mandate is called for unifying the functions of the government through mobilizing all governmental agencies to engage in information gathering and international cooperation with allied governments for information sharing. Unity of Effort in the Congress This calls for the establishment of a fully functional Congressional body that creates strong security policies and strengthens the homeland security. The unity of effort in Congress creates a policy structure that addresses the judicial and legal processes of security measures that manifests the sovereign interest of the people. Organizing America’s Defenses in the United States Institutionalizing the framework of intelligence—aside from the existing intelligence agencies—through a unified and managed specialty agency that is mandated to specifically organize the homeland defense basically results in the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Transforming the Intelligence Work and Issues on Reforms In January 20th 2004, the US Congress enacted the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA). The primary purpose of IRTPA is to reform the intelligence community and the intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United States Government . The transformation of intelligence work has found relevance in the enactment of IRTPA, in which the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) has worked closely in the framing of the IRTPA as a law. According to ODNI, â€Å"a great structural change has occurred in the passing of IRTPA† . Stressing on the structural change, the ODNI has reformed its capabilities in managing the flow of human intelligence (HUMINT) as their open-source of information. Reforming the capabilities also enabled the optimization of both human and financial resources in managing the operations. The reform in the ODNI has substantially addressed the key operational issues affecting the intelligence community and is abl e to put into perspective the intelligence work on counter-terrorism, in order to fully manage the homeland defense system. In a Senate inquiry on the progress of intelligence reform in January 23rd 2007, the ODNI was inquired with several issues. First, they were asked about the agency performance in which Sen. John Warner pointed out â€Å"the progress thus far achieved by ODNI is ten percent† . Second, they were questioned on the effectiveness of managing the clandestine operation of the CIA using the HUMINT (human intelligence) in information sharing from open-sources, which apparently still need more refinements from the point of view of organizational management. Furthermore, the performance of the ODNI, as it reported its achievements, has shown defects in its organizational aspect. Due to these defects, the Senate inquiry hinted on an organizational review and suggested the recall of the clandestine operation as further inquired on the assurance of the best intelligence from the Iraq Study Group (ISG), which have achieved tactical and strategic intelligence. The conclusion of the Senate inquiry presumed on the issue of reform, which does not manifest in the ODNI’s organizational capability to benchmark the achievements of goals and the CIA’s clandestine work. A brief review of the literature shows that the ODNI may have been in the stage of adaptability to the structural change embodied in its organizational mandate by virtue of the IRTPA. Another consideration is the underlying performance of the ODNI in streamlining its goals which has affected the benchmarking of short and long term operational plans in the field and which has merely given due management by the CIA in its clandestine operation in using the HUMINT. At this point, the reform in intelligence community work was supposed to be measured by the expected assertiveness of the ODNI—as the 9/11 Commission recommended that the ODNI be designated as the agency that implements joint operational and joint intelligence work and replace some aspect of intelligence work of the CIA. Retrieval of Operation to Manifest Reform In an effort to fully address the key issues to manifest reform in the structural change brought about by IRTPA and legislative pressures, the retrieval of operation in the organizational function of ODNI has been resolved by the US Senate through the approval of the Fiscal Year 2008 Intelligence Act which â€Å"would emanate a more aggressive role to the ODNI in coordinating with the intelligence community† . The Senate Bill has surpassed the ODNI’s will of authority and retrieval of its operation that is being realigned to fully act on its function as a frontline agency in executing its mandate given by IRTPA. The degree and scope of authority of the ODNI is then expected to ventilate the reform in the intelligence community so as to re-examine the burdens and defects of work ranging from ministerial execution to field implementation. Moreover, an added feature that empowers the ODNI is the streamlining of bureaucracy in the formulation and execution of operating plans. Basically, reducing the involved authorities may expedite and resolutely implement the overall function and coverage of intelligence work. Likewise, the ODNI has been given the authority to appropriate budget thereby earmarking the fund for its National Intelligence Program. It would then be up to the ODNI to utilize and mobilize the resources that would be used to reform in the intelligence community. Conclusion The determination and identification of the 9/11 Commission for a global strategy has basically created the framework for the US homeland defense system. On the other hand, the recommendations have strongly moved the US government’s Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary branches which have enacted the IRTPA of 2004. In addition, the ODNI, as the body acting on intelligence mobilization, would require substantial budget allocation. Analyzing the enactment of IRTPA may be likened to a sword and an armor in which the bearer is the ODNI. In this regard, it can then be said that the US government has created an executioner of war on terrorism. Moreover, the degree and scope of authority vested upon the ODNI may be perceived as an ultimate implementer of capturing the world’s update. However, in some degrees, the reform in intelligence community may be burdened by domestic resistance from figures belonging to allied governments that oppose US foreign policy. Generally, the reform that was achieved by the US homeland defense system is the consolidation of its intelligence enforcement agencies and mobilization of its resources and strategies towards global perspective. The re-structuring of intelligence framework may be described as an art of war or a one-step backward, two-step forward move, which pursues the enemy outside its homeland while minimizing casualties. With this perception, the war on terrorism has been brought to the backyard of allied governments. It may be additionally perceived at the militarist point of view that the reform in intelligence community could reduce the expense of war in order to achieve the socio-economic-political gains from the war zones. Bibliography Donald Rumsfeld Interview on Jan. 30, 2004. Bremer-Sonnenberg Commission on Terrorism; in 9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 12, Page 374. (2004) ISBN 0-16- 072304-3. IRTPA of 2004. â€Å"Introductory Page†. 108th Congress of US, Second Session, 20 January 2004. http://www.asksam.com/ebooks/intelReformAct/. (accessed 01 March 2008). Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) 2007. â€Å"Progress on Intelligence Reform to Senate Select Committee on Intelligence†. Transcript: Progress on Intelligence Reform. http://www.dni.gov/testimonies/20070123_transcript.pdf. (accessed 01 March 2008). Richard A. Best Jr. and Alfred Cumming, 2007. â€Å"Director of National Intelligence Statutory Authorities: Status and Proposals,† CRS Report to Congress, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL34231.pdf. (accessed 01 March 2008). Tim Shorrock. â€Å"Revisiting Intelligence Reform†, Foreign Policy in Focus, 6 December 2007. http://www.fpif.org (accessed 01 March 2008). US Senate Inquiry, 2007. â€Å"Statement for the Record by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence†. http://www.dni.gov/testimonies/20070123_testimony.pdf. (accessed 01 March 2008). 9/11 Commission Report. â€Å"How to do it? A different Way of Organizing the Government†. Chapter 13, Page 399-428. (2004) ISBN 0-16-072304-3. 9/11 Commission Report. â€Å"Unity of Effort in the Intelligence Community†. Recommendation No. 13.2. Chapter 13, Page 407-415. (2004) ISBN 0-16-072304-3. 9/11 Commission Report. â€Å"What To Do? A Global Strategy†. Chapter 12, Page 361- 383. (2004) ISBN 0-16-072304-3.

The Jovian Planets Essay -- essays research papers

The Jovian Planets Far beyond Earth in the solar nebula lies an ice belt and beyond that lay the four Jovian planets. They are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Jovian means "Jupiter- like" in which the rest of the jovian planets do coincide with the name. Uranus Neptune and Saturn, all carry the same traits as Jupiter. The jovian planets are large gas giants that contain mainly a thick atmosphere of Hydrogen and helium. These planets do not have solid surfaces, rather they just get denser with depth. They contain high mass and are usually anywhere from 15 to 318 times the mass of earth. They also contain many satellites and the gravity is much stronger than that of earth. The jovian planets inner structure probably consists of a rocky core of metals, water, ammonia and methane. Usually these cores are about the same size as earth possibly a little larger. It is also possible that Uranus and Neptune’s core is a liquid instead of a solid. The Jovian planets also have about the s ame rotational characteristics and all have rings around them. Jupiter, the first of the jovian planets, reigns supreme throughout the solar system. Named after the Roman god Jove, the ruler of Olympus; Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun and is also the largest planet in the Earth’s solar system. It is 318 times more massive than Earth and is two thirds of the planetary mass in the solar system. Jupiter’s surface, unlike earth, is gaseous and not a solid. It is about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium with traces of methane, ammonia, water and rock. Jupiter’s interior is very similar to the Sun’s interior but with a far lower temperature. However, it is still unknown but Jupiter is believed to have a core of liquid metallic hydrogen. This exotic element can only be achieved at pressure greater than 4 million bars. Jupiter radiates more energy in space than it receives from the sun. The interior of Jupiter is hot and has been estimated to be 20000 degrees Kelvin. The heat is generated by the Kelvin- Hemholtz mechanism, or the gravitational compression of a planet. It gives off about 1.5 to 2 times more energy than the sun. It is speculated that the source of this heat is due to the rapid rotation of the planet and it’s liquid metallic hydrogen core. Liquid Metallic hydrogen consists mainly of ionized protons and electrons and is the electric... ... tidal forces, which caused nitro gas volcanoes on it’s surface. Different from the terrestrial planets, the Jovian planets are basically big balls of gas. The jovian planets seemed to be formed around the same time from the solar nebula. Jupiter and Saturn are the closest in nature to each other with Neptune and Uranus taking on a few of their traits. They all carry the same characteristics in their Classification. The Jovian planets are composed mainly of helium and hydrogen. They have a liquid or small rocky core. They are usually high in mass and low in density. They have many satellites and the gravity is much stronger than Earth’s. They also all share the same banding and zoning winds. With these characteristics defined with each description given it is easy to see how the planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are Jovian or "Jupiter - like". Bibliographies Seeds, Michael A., Foundations of Astronomy; copyright 1994, Wadsworth inc. Considine, Douglas M. ; Van Nostrands Scientific Encyclopedia, volume eight; Copyright 1995, Van Nostrand Rienholdt, NY Maran, Stephen P. , The Astronomy and Astrophysics Encyclopedia, Copyright 1992, Van Nostrand Rienholdt, NY

Mergers and acquisitions may intensify in Indian FMCG sector Essay

New Delhi, Sep 19 (IANS) The food, drinks and consumer goods industry is likely to see a consolidaton in the coming months, with large size firms looking to improve margins by acquiring smaller peers, according to global consulting firm KPMG. â€Å"The Indian household and personal care market is likely to continue to see deal interest from strategic players in 2010 because it requires significant marketing and advertising spend, as well as distribution channel investments, to build scale,† said a recent global KPMG report on mergers and acquisitions in consumer markets. The report, which calls India † a busy market driven by consolidation and economic growth†, said players with limited financial muscle and brand portfolio are expected to yield to their larger counterparts. Another reason for consolidation is the expanding footprint of large organised retailers such as the Future Group, Shopper’s Stop, Reliance Retail and Aditya Birla Retail. The retail chains are squeezing the margins of food, drink and consumer goods (FDCG) companies. Though foreign players are barred from operating in the multi-branded retail segment, global retailers such as Wal-Mart, Metro and Tesco have still entered India through franchises and partnerships in their cash and carry wholesale businesses. Add to this the pressure from multi-national behemoths like Hindustan Unilever and Procter & Gamble, which are taking the pricing war to smaller Indian firms. â€Å"This has pushed Indian FDCG businesses into consolidation as many believed they had reached the limit of their growth. We believe the pressures behind this will continue throughout 2010 and result in increased transaction volumes,† said Nandini Chopra, practice head, consumer and retail corporate finance, KPMG in India. â€Å"However, the lack of large acquisition targets and the number of acquirers looking for opportunities means valuations will continue to be at a premium,† said Chopra. The food and drink sector in India is, however, unlikely to see any large deals because the local brands have not scaled up beyond the $20-25- million mark and the larger deals have already taken place. Since French food and facilities management frim Sodexo SA acquired Radhakrishna Hospitality Services for $125 million in March 2009, activity in this sector has been relatively slow. Indian Consumer goods are now increasingly looking beyond their shores for the next growth wave. Godrej, Wipro, Dabur and Marico have made several acquistions across Asian and African markets. â€Å"These companies are all poised to become global FDCG (food, drink and consumer goods,† said Chopra.

The Effect Of External Factors On Purchase

The results demonstrate that demographic, geographic and group significantly effect Pl. The findings of this study help marketing, managers and companies to understand young Malaysian consumers' behavior and Pl. Keywords: external factors, purchase intention (Pl), young generation, Malaysia 1. Introduction Nowadays, purchase intention is more complicated and more significant for consumers than in the past. Customers are encompassed by reports, advertisements, articles and direct mailings that provide large amount of information.Moreover, different kinds of products, supplies, super markets and shopping malls have complex and difficult decision making. This study focuses on the young generation in Malaysia because of some reasons. Firstly, immature customer segment is known as special segment for some special products. Secondly, at the period of evolution from youth to early maturity, these customer segments have their unique consumer behaviors and attitudes (Safari, AAA). Thirdly, ju veniles' effect on their families and shape family consumer behavior; finally, young consumers can change and influence culture as well as society (Safari, AAA).In addition, according to the previous studies, investigators argued that the external actors (demographic, geographic and group) influence Pl. Besides, there are some difficulties in applying these factors and measuring their effects on Pl. The effect of demographic on Pl is complicated and confusing that needs to be examined. For instance, consumers 18 to 24-year-old are â€Å"more likely than other consumers to buy a product on the spur of the moment and change brands if the mood strikes† (Abdul Raze & Summarizing, 2009). Apart from that, there are still some studies that indicate the males and females behave and make Pl in different Ways. Teenage boys were more utilitarian, whereas manage girls are more social/conspicuous conscious† (Cathy & Vincent, 2006). Furthermore, different races have different behavio rs, which can significantly affect Pl; for example, the Malady are more patriotic to the local brands compared to two other Malaysian races. Likewise, group influence significantly affects Pl. Group (social networks, television, influential, books) influences on young generation in Malaysia and changes their culture, behavior and purchase intention because they have adapted with other cultures (Eon, Ata & Philip, 2008). 2.Literature Review Purchase intention means a consumer prefers to buy a product or service cause he/she finds that he/she needs a particular product or service, or even attitude towards a product and perception of product. In other words, purchase intention means consumer will buy a product once again after she or he evaluates a product and finds out that the product worth buying. While consumers select one particular product, the final decision on accepting 153 WV,m. Essence. Org/birr International Business Research Volvo. 5, No. 8; 2012 a product to buy or rejecti ng it depends on consumers' intention.Also, a large number of external factors have been recognized, which can affect Pl (Keller, 2001). 2. The Effect of Demography on Pl One of the most important features which influence Pl is demographic (age, gender and race). Young consumers in different ages have different behavior. A nineteen years old consumer may behave differently with a twenty five years old consumer. For example, some young consumers are more concerned on the labeled products than other young consumers (Nabob & Mimed, 2010). The effect of gender depends on some factors.For example, females are more concerned about those kinds of products that are directly related to house because as housewives, the quality of the products is more important or them compared to men. Thereby, label, brands and quality have effects on consumers' PI (Seasonal, All & Seabird, 2006; Safari, Bibb). The other factors that shape Pl among males and females are information and education. For example, a study shows that females are less experienced with online purchasing; therefore, they rely on other recommendations than males during decision making process (Ciao & Yang, 2010).Atmosphere and environment also influence on consumers' Pl among males and females. An investigation shows that music in restaurants has more effect on females than males. Stephanie Wilson, 2003). In addition, studies showed that men are more risk taking than women and they are more reliance on themselves to make purchase decision than women (Seed, 2003). Different ethnic groups act differently to make purchase decision. For example, studies in the United States have shown that African-Americans in some cases have different purchase intentions than the whites (Americans).Some factors can have effects on different races such as media, advertisements, and televisions. The other example shows that 16% of married white women are more likely to do mom purchase than married black women in the United States; but some other factors (socio-economic, environment, culture, income) could be combined with race to achieve better outcomes (Ciao & Yang, 2010). 2. 2 The Effect of Geography on Pl The other external factor that influences consumers' Pl is geography. Locations that products are being produced and manufactured are very important for consumers and can shape their Pl.A place to shop for organic products is crucially integral for consumers. For instance, a research demonstrates that majority of consumers prefer to buy their organic food ND products from hypermarkets and shopping malls and only a few of them enjoy of buying products in farms (Sit & Inertia, 2010). 2. 3 The Effect of Group on Pl Group also affects consumers and their Pl. Previous experiences of celebrities have utilized different assumptions and basic theoretical grounds Of psychology to describe how a sponsorship as an influential effect consumers' Pl and their behavior (Speed & Thompson, 2000).Sport celebrities as a group of influential figures have significant influences on young consumers especially when they want to make decision to choose a brand and Pl. Star members in each team have significant effects on consumer behavior. Thus, they would make brand for the team's sponsor because team members are able to attract enormous amount of consumers for a brand (Arcadias & Fairyland, 2006). 3. Research Methodology 3. 1 Measures Data has been mainly collected based on primary research and secondary research was used as well. Previous literatures were studied to recognize the factors influencing consumer Pl.Learning and understanding key points from previous literatures were combined with this current research study to obtain better results. Sampling strategy is based on probability based. The population is in age group of 17-32 years old as millennial/young generation. Questionnaire has distributed to some Malaysian universities. According to the aim of this research, the race of population has to be M alaysian only and questions Were written in English language. The sample Was selected from universities (senior and junior students). SPAS soft. Are was used to measure/ analyze the data. 3. 2 Hypothesis Demographic factors positively effects on purchase intention, for example, there is a difference between young consumers and adult generation in the ease of purchase intention. In some cases, male and female consumers act differently to make purchase decision and also different races have different influences on purchase intention 154 WV. Essence. Org/birr Volvo. 5, NO. 8; 2012 (Hide, Gerard & Alex, 2008). Thereby, age, gender and race are strongly affecting Pl, which has been proven by previous studies.HI : (a): Age influence PI (b): Gender influence Pl (c): Race influence Pl Malaysia is divided into two different parts: west and east. Sit (2010) noted that different areas and locations have different effects on consumers' behavior and purchase intention. Consumers in cities and vi llages (rural and urban) have different behavior and purchase intention (Wong & Yah, 2008). Therefore, rural and urban influence Pl differently. H2O: Geographic influence on Pl. Friend, relative, colleague/classmates and Media impact on purchase intention. HA: Group affects Pl. . 3 Data Collection The questionnaire in this study has been distributed to 350 respondents. 325 respondents have returned the completed questionnaire, which made up 93% of overall responses. We have given the questionnaire to students usually in their classes and we had left them and given them enough time to answer the questions. After 30 to 45 minutes we went back to classes and ask students to return questionnaires. The SPAS software has been used to analyze the effects of external factors (demographic, geographic and group influence) on Pl.Consumers between 17-32 years old were selected as young generation. The research was carried out at different regions in Malaysia such as International Islamic Univer sity Malaysia (MM), University Sebastian Malaysia (LIKE), University Putty Malaysia (JIM), Multimedia University (MIX) and Nation Library. The questions mainly examined the effects of rends, relatives, classmates/colleagues and media on consumers' Pl. All scales measured on 7-point Liker-type scales ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† to â€Å"strongly agree†. The demographic factor is divided into three separate categories.These three groups involved age, gender and race, which will be explained in the following subsections. As demonstrated in Table 1, most respondents involved are in the age group of 22-26 years old. Analysis shows that 30. 2% of the respondents belong to 17-21 age group, 40. 9% belong to 22-26 age group and only 28. 9% are in the age range of 27-32 years old. The majority of the respondents are females; 221 respondents are female (68%) and 1 04 are males, which contributes to 32% of the total respondents participated in this study.

Multiplexing

Multiplexing IT331-02AU: Technology InfrastructureInstructor Jason LitzIn telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing is a process where multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive resource. For example, in telecommunications, several phone calls may be transferred using one wire. It originated in telegraphy, and is now widely applied in communications.Multiplexing is provided by the physical layer of the OSI model, while multiple access also involves a media access control protocol, which is part of the data link layer. The frequency band from 88 MHz to 108 MHz is reserved over the public airwaves for commercial FM broadcasting. The 88-108 MHz frequency band is divided into 200 kHz sub-bands.The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel, which may be a physical transmission medium. The multiplexing divides the capacity of the low-level communication channel into several higher-level logical channels, one for each message signal or data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known as demultiplexing, can extract the original channels on the receiver side.Interference is the biggest single problem with the AWS-3 band, as planned, permits the use of the entire 25 MHz of spectrum for both transmitting from the cell sites to the devices and for the devices to transmit back to the cell sites. Time Division Duplex or TDD, requires the cell site and device transmitters to share the same spectrum with the cell transmitter talking to the mobile device and then listening for a response. This gives customers the allusion that they are using a system that permits simultaneous two-way communications, which is called duplex and is common in all commercial wireless systems. Yes, Clearwire is using this type of system, but not adjacent to spectrum using the standard...

Cheating in College

Cheating in College â€Å"Cheating is to deceive by trickery; swindle† (Dictionary. com). From time to time, every person has cheated. The problem of cheating, or academic dishonesty is not a new problem in college. Ever since there have been exams to cheat on, papers to copy, and homework to be copied. More and more, faculty is trying to understand why students cheat, and how to combat cheating. There are a number of reasons that students cheat are that they want to get good grades, it is an easy work to do, everyone does it, and it is even fun to do. Cheating can take the form of working together rather than independently on projects, access to tests or answer keys, taking exams for others; doing another’s assignments, purchasing research papers, taking cheat notes into an exam, copy of work another students and claim it as his or hers or simply plagiarism. â€Å"Plagiarism is the unauthorized use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation of them as ones own original work† (Dictionary. com). Plagiarism has become more popular among college students. This type of cheating includes but it is not limited to copying and pasting text from one site directly to his or her report, paraphrasing ideas from someone else work, paying someone to do a paper on his or her behalf, without citing of every source. In fact, anything that allows a person to have education biased in favor of him or her can be interpreted as cheating. Cheating happens in the classroom more often than could be recognized. Some of the cheating is intentional, while other cheating could take place accidentally. However, academic cheating is not only an activity that exists in the classroom, it passes through in college. Cheating therefore does not need to be for personal gain. The person who helps others cheat is also cheating. Therefore, if a Professor allows cheating, they are cheaters. There are pros and cons of cheating such as it is little work required for a passing or obtain good grade, getting something for nothing, and can help student get ahead when it works, students are more likely to make better decisions rather than cheating. The consequences of cheating are can result in a failing grade and even discharge from school, become a habit and destroying students’ future. Cheating in order to get material from books or the Internet, copying the homework of other, it results in not having to work very hard and get ahead when it is successful. A passing grade or even good grade on GPA that it may be enough to push students in front of the crowd to qualify for a better job. Cheating is like getting something for nothing and students feel tempted to do it once in a while. Sometimes students avoid to do their homework or studying for a test, they are too busy or forget to do the work or even it is because they just do not feel like doing the work. Then they just copy other students’ homework or test answers to free up their time. Students are more likely to make better decisions rather than cheating since college discipline create new ways of intervention become so strict could lead to and does not exclude be disqualified. However, down side of cheating is more damaging rather than benefits. Get caught cheating on a test or copying someone elses material for homework can result in a lowered grade and even kicking out from college. † Even if you dont get caught, there is still the problem that you havent learned the material. That ignorance may come to haunt you down the road, when you are required to apply what youve learned† (Kurtus). For example, if student cheat through spelling tests, they wont learn how to spell because they dont make an honest attempt to learn as much as they can. Those people may go far in life, but he or she will never be a champion. Some students have cheated once, they feel guilty and feel don’t deserve the grade they received. They decide that it is not worth it but unfortunately most of them feel can’t stop cheating and become a habit. Some students have cheated once, feel guilty and decide it is not worth it but unfortunately most of them, feel can’t stop cheating and become a habit. Consequence for cheating at academics by plagiarism is severe at most colleges. It is even worse where companies treat employees who cheat and it can lead to prison, criminal record, financial and family ruin, and tarnish their reputation, they have a lot to lose. To sum up, another reason that students cheat is that they strive for that all-important GPA that is necessary to get into a good job or future. This pressure can be self-cause, or pressure from high expectation parents to make students have a better life. Students may gain in the short-term with good grades, but not in the long run. They are setting themselves up for failure in later classes. Students will probably end up lacking needed knowledge and skill that they have to apply at work. But it can also result in serious consequences, if they are get caught. It is much better to work efficiently and effectively so that tests are not that difficult to do. And always have positive thinking that they should realize that they have the potential to get good grades without cheating. Works Cited Cheating. (n. d. ). In Dictionary online. Retrieved from http://www. dictionary. reference. com/browse/cheating? s=t Kurtus, ron. â€Å"Cheating To Get A Better Grade† School for Champions Web. 19 January 2013. Plagiarism. (n. d. ). In Dictionary online. Retrieved from http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/Plagiarism? s=t

Behaviors in Nursing Management Professional Term Paper

Behaviors in Nursing Management Professional - Term Paper Example The specific type of leadership needed in nursing management practice will be analyzed and its advantages presented. The form of leadership recommended in nursing is democratic leadership. After this, the importance of emotional and cultural intelligence will be discussed. Emotional intelligent managers are leaders with ability to identify and understand personal change emotions and develop strategies to manage them. Cultural intelligence is critical in nursing management practice as one strives to create an influence in an environment with different cultures values refer. After a discussion on the leadership styles, the specific qualities needed will be presented. Some qualities identified include integrity, courage, attitude and ability to take initiative. The other qualities identified are optimism, ability to strike balance in all areas of life and ability to manage stress. The next part will be a discussion on values, qualities and behaviors in relation to management process, co mmunication, team building, orientation of new staff and caring and ethics and empowerment of staff from a personal perspective. In the management process, values refer to the principles that the manager upholds and advocates. Qualities and behaviors refer to personal attributes that make a person an authentic leader in the organization. These values, behaviors and qualities in management process include being of integrity, promoting open communication, teamwork and managing organizational change.